ICYMI: This article builds on concepts discussed in “Metanoia: Freedom Found in Choosing Reason Over Desire.”

Ordering the will is difficult for modern men and women. Aquinas recognized the frailty of fallen nature; present cultural and educational conditions intensify the challenge by giving less attention to intellectual formation ordered toward knowledge of objective truth and the hierarchy of goods. Modern education prioritizes technical competence and indoctrination for ideological alignment. When formation is entrusted to secular education, the result is proficiency in information processing and social conformity without training in distinguishing apparent from real goods. Without clear intellectual light, the will more readily yields to passion.

This is compounded by physical and psychological patterns across recent generations. Because the human person is a substantial unity of body and soul, the sensitive appetite is rooted in the body. Repeated physical toil under necessity—sun, sweat, muscle strain, patience waiting for harvest— habituates the passions to endure discomfort and subordinate immediate ease to a real future good. Such labor strengthens the will in fortitude and temperance: the same power that holds the body to a task when it aches is the power that later holds the will to a moral end when desire pulls the opposite way. In environments with less of this resilience-forging labor, bodies become less accustomed to endurance, and the will receives fewer opportunities to practice virtue. Without repeated experiences of delayed gratification—whether planting in spring for autumn’s yield or practicing chastity until matrimony so the conjugal act, ordered by right reason to the ends of offspring, fidelity, and the sacrament, disposes spouses to a more perfect, stable, and flourishing union—the capacity for sustained moral effort remains underdeveloped.

Previous generations, however imperfect, still retained the practical wisdom that character is hammered out in the workshop, the field, and the marketplace. Today that forge is largely cold. The result is not merely economic dependence but a deeper slavery: a will untrained in fortitude, an intellect unaccustomed to measuring present sacrifice against lasting good, and a culture increasingly incapable of sustaining the free, responsible persons that both natural law and the Gospel presuppose.

Modernity further compounds the problem by treating the very idea of directing the will as suspect or oppressive. Autonomy is redefined as the right to follow desire wherever it leads, provided no immediate external harm is done, (yet even this minimal boundary is slowly degrading into allowances for thieves, sexual predators, and even murderers). Worldly prestige, comfort, sexual expression, and consumer satisfaction are presented not as subordinate goods that must be measured against higher ends, but as ultimate goods whose pursuit is self-justifying. To deny oneself the cake, or prestige, or any passion for the sake of a greater good is framed as repression rather than as the exercise of rational freedom. The language of “self-care” and “authenticity” often masks the refusal to rise above the sensory appetite. In this climate, metanoia is viewed not as liberation into truth but as oppression.

The psychological and social consequences follow with grim consistency. When the will is not trained to choose the greater good, the appetite does not remain content with moderate satisfaction. It escalates. The pleasure that once sufficed soon fails to satisfy; stronger stimuli, more frequent indulgence, or more elaborate justifications are required. Aquinas observed that vice begets further vice because disordered desire clouds judgment and weakens resistance. In contemporary terms, the person who repeatedly chooses the cake over health may later justify more serious compromises, neglect of family duties, ethical shortcuts for professional advancement, or the normalization of practices once recognized as destructive, because the habit of preferring the immediate “fix” has already been established. A culture that systematically avoids the formation of intellect and will becomes progressively less capable of resisting evils that promise short-term relief or status. Greater and greater evils are tolerated not primarily from malice but from the cumulative effect of unformed minds and undirected wills.

The remedy, according to the Angelic Doctor, begins with the recovery of the higher faculties. Education must again aim at the formation of intellect in the classical sense: the habit of seeing reality as it is, of distinguishing true goods from apparent ones, and of understanding that the will is perfected, not diminished, when it consents to what reason discerns as better. Parents cannot safely delegate this task entirely to institutions whose primary aims are often technical or ideological. The home and the church must reclaim the work of forming judgment and training the will through small, repeated acts of ordered choice. Grace perfects nature; it does not replace the need for human effort in acquiring the virtues.

Metanoia remains possible because the rational soul retains its natural orientation toward truth and goodness even after the fall. The moment of decision, the cake on the plate, the opportunity for empty prestige, the invitation to ease at the cost of integrity are never merely private psychological events. These moments are the arena in which the person either reasserts the primacy of intellect and will or continues the descent into slavery to passion. Aquinas offers no easy path, only the realistic one: engage reason fully, consent with the will to the greater good, endure the temporary discomfort, and thereby build the habit that makes future right choices more connatural (or second-nature). In an age that celebrates the unexamined desire, this ancient discipline is counter cultural. It is also the only path that restores people to the freedom for which they were made.